Direct
dan Indirect Speech
Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung
menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan
diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang),
keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").
·
He said, "I have a present
for you in my bag."
·
He asked me, "why do you
come late."
Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan
awal dari kalimat direct speech.
·
He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
·
He asked me, "why do you come late."
Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis
sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect speech
berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct
speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (").
Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana
yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut
dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan
atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat
perintah). Misalnya:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, "I have a present
for you in my bag."
|
He said that he had a
present for me in his bag.
|
|
02
|
He asked me, "why do
you come late."
|
He asked me why I came late.
|
|
03
|
He orderd me, "don't
bring a bag."
|
He ordered me to didn't
bring a bag.
|
Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi
jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi
kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang
menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi
if/whether. Contohnya:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
They asked me, "Do you
want to join us to play football?"
|
They asked me if/whether I
want to join them to play football.
|
|
02
|
He asked me, "Does she
want to mary me?"
|
He asked me if/whether she
wants to mary her.
|
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang
menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah
menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
He asked me, "why do you
come late?"
|
He asked me why you came late.
|
|
02
|
He asked me, "what does she
eat?"
|
He asked me what she ate.
|
|
03
|
He asked me, "when did you
come?"
|
He asked me when I came.
|
|
04
|
He asked me, "who are you?"
|
He asked me who I was.
|
|
05
|
He asked me, "who is she?"
|
He asked me who she was.
|
2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka,
perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan.
Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis
sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan
Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
|
02
|
Present Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
|
03
|
Present Future
|
Past Future
|
|
04
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
05
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
|
06
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect
|
|
07
|
Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel
berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
V1 (eat)
|
V2 (ate)
|
|
02
|
V2 (ate)
|
Had + V3 (had eaten)
|
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
|
05
|
Do/does not
|
Did not
|
|
06
|
Did not
|
Had not + V3
|
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had been
|
|
08
|
Am/is/are + V-ing
|
Was/were + V-ing
|
|
09
|
Was/were +V-ing
|
Had been + V-ing
|
|
10
|
Has/have + V3
|
Had + V3
|
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had to
|
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would + V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would + have+
V3/been
|
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive
tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat
langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech
(kalimat tidak langsung).
·
Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We)
pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada
di reproted speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am
busy.’
|
He said
that he was busy.
|
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am
unwell.’
|
She said
that she was unwell.
|
|
03
|
I said, ‘I will
be late.’
|
I said
that I would be late.
|
|
04
|
They said, ‘We will
not permit this.’
|
They said
that they would not permit that.
|
|
05
|
We said, ‘We need
to buy some clothes.’
|
We said
that we needed to buy some clothes.
|
·
Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di
reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
He said to me, ‘You have to
come with me.’
|
He told me that I had
to go with him.
|
|
02
|
She said to me, ‘You can
go.’
|
She told me that I could
go.
|
|
03
|
She said to him, ‘You can
go.’
|
She told him that he could
go.
|
·
Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they)
pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He said that she was a good girl.
|
|
02
|
She said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She said that they had invited
them.
|
|
03
|
They said, ‘He does not have the
necessary qualifications.’
|
They said that he did not have the
necessary qualifications.
|
4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat
(Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
|
02
|
To day
|
That day
|
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The next day
The day after The following day A day later |
|
04
|
Next ...
|
The ... after
The following ... |
|
05
|
Last ...
|
The ... before
The Previous ... |
|
06
|
... ago
|
... before
... earlier |
|
07
|
Yesterday
|
The day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
|
08
|
The day before yesterday
|
Two day before
|
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
|
(+)
|
He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”
|
He said that he had a present for me in his bagthere.
|
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” |
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
|
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” |
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
|
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? |
He asked me why he had to have a present for
me in his bag.
|
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag herenow!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
|
(!)
|
He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He ordered me not to bring my bag there.
|
